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Loops are generally used, in any programming language, to perform operations on arrays: given an array you can iterate over its elements and perform a calculation.

Let’s see how to pick common needs and perform them using a Functional Programming approach, as opposed to using loops.

NOTE: I don’t recommend one approach over the other. I just want to introduce different ways to perform the same thing and maybe introduce you to new functions which you might have never used until now.

map, filter, reduce, find

Those are 3 really powerful array functions:

  • map returns an array with the same length,
  • filter as the name implies, it returns an array with less items than the original array
  • reduce returns a single value (or object)
  • find returns the first items in an array that satisfies a condition

map, filter and reduce were introduced in ES5, so you can safely use them as implemented in every browser since years.

find was introduced in ES6/ES2015.

They offer a more declarative approach, rather than an imperative approach (describe what should happen, not write every tiny bit of processing that should happen)

Execute something on every element with map

A loop would look like this:

const performSomething = (item) => {
  //...
  return item
}
const items = ['a', 'b', 'c']
items.forEach((item) => {
  performSomething(item)
})

With a declarative approach, you tell JavaScript to perform something on every element using:

const items = ['a', 'b', 'c']
const newArray = items.map((item) => performSomething(item))

This generates a new array, without editing the original one (what we call immutability)

Since we use a single function in the map callback function, we can rewrite the sample as:

const items = ['a', 'b', 'c']
const newArray = items.map(performSomething)

Finding a single element in the array

Sometimes you need to look for a specific item in the array, and return it.

This is how you would do so with a loop:

const items = [
  { name: 'a', content: { /* ... */ }},
  { name: 'b', content: { /* ... */ }},
  { name: 'c', content: { /* ... */ }}
]
for (const item of items) {
  if (item.name === 'b') {
    return item
  }
}

Here is the non-loop version, using find() (ES6+):

const b = items.find((item) => item.name === 'b')

Here is the same functionality using filter() (ES5+):

const b = items.filter((item) => item.name === 'b').shift()

shift() returns the first item in the array without raising an error if the array is empty (returns undefined in that case).

Note: shift() mutates the array, but the array it mutates is the one returned by filter(), not the original array. If this sounds unacceptable, you can check if the array is not empty and get the first item using b[0].

For learning purposes (does not make much sense in practice), here is the same functionality using reduce():

const items = [
  { name: 'a', content: { /* ... */ }},
  { name: 'b', content: { /* ... */ }},
  { name: 'c', content: { /* ... */ }}
]

const b = items.reduce((result, item) => {
  if (item.name === 'b') { result = item }
  return result
}, null)

filter() and reduce() will iterate over all the array items, while find() will be faster.

Iterate over an array to count a property of each item

Use reduce() to get a single value out of an array. For example sum the items content.value property:

const items = [
  { name: 'a', content: { value: 1 }},
  { name: 'b', content: { value: 2 }},
  { name: 'c', content: { value: 3 }}
]

using a loop:

let count = 0
for (const item of items) {
  count += item.content.value
}

can written as

const count = items.reduce((result, { content: { value } }) => result + value, 0)