# Installing Python 3 on macOS > Learn how to install the latest Python 3 on macOS using the official installer from python.org, since macOS ships only an outdated Python 2 by default. Author: Flavio Copes | Published: 2020-11-27 | Canonical: https://flaviocopes.com/python-installation-macos/ macOS installs [Python](https://flaviocopes.com/python-introduction/) 2 (outdated) by default, for compatibility reasons, making it available as `/usr/bin/python`. If you install Xcode, the Apple Development IDE, it installs Python 3 in `/usr/bin/python3`. In this case you can run `python3` on your terminal to check the exact version installed, and if it's recent enough you might be already set up. Python 3 is the one we're going to use for modern Python development. However you have little control over the version number you run, as Apple updates it only with new Xcode releases. In my case I had Python 3.8, but Python 3.9 was available to be installed. One option is to use Homebrew to install the latest Python release. Another option is to use the official Python packages and that's the approach we'll follow. Go to , choose the Downloads menu, hover "Mac OS X" and a panel with a link to download the official package will appear: ![Python.org downloads page showing Mac OS X section with Python 3.9.0 download link highlighted](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_13.57.36.png) Click that, and run the installer: ![Python installer welcome screen showing introduction information about Python 3.9.0 for macOS](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_13.53.42.png) Click "Continue": ![Python installer Read Me section displaying important information about certificates and OpenSSL](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_13.58.18.png) Then click "Continue" again. A new panel will appear with an interesting recap on the history of Python and its governance: ![Python installer license agreement screen showing Python history and software foundation information](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_13.59.42.png) > Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see http://www.cwi.nl) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python's principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. > > In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see http://www.cnri.reston.va.us) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. > > In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations (now Zope Corporation, see http://www.zope.org). In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see http://www.python.org/psf/) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation is a sponsoring member of the PSF. Then you can read the Python license. Python is open source, and released with the **Python Software Foundation License Version 2**. This license is GPL-compatible, which means you can combine Python with software that is GPL, Python itself is _not_ GPL. The GPL license has some problems related to the fact that all software derived from GPL software must be released as GPL as well, and the source code of the software must be distributed to anyone that wants access to it. That's not the case for your Python programs. You can release the source if you want, but it's not required. Agree to the license: ![Python installer license agreement dialog with Agree and Disagree buttons](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_13.59.44.png) And move to the installation phase: ![Python installer showing standard installation screen with disk space requirements and Install button](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_13.59.48.png) ![Python installer completion screen showing successful installation message and certificate instructions](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_14.00.12.png) When it's finally installed, Python is installed as `/usr/bin/python3` > If you have Xcode installed, this will overwrite the old version that Xcode installed. Running `python3` in the macOS terminal opens the Python 3.9 interpreter we just installed: ![Terminal window showing Python 3.9.0 interpreter running with command prompt](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_14.14.18.png) You will now also find a new folder under "/Applications/Python 3.9" (change that with your exact version number), with some files: ![macOS Finder window showing Python 3.9 folder contents including IDLE and Install Certificates](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_14.00.09.png) As the instructions said in the last installation panel, you need to run the "Install Certificates.command" to install the SSL certificates needed by Python. This is because Python includes its own private copy of OpenSSL 1.1.1, and we need to install a curated bundle of default root certificates from the third-party [certifi](https://pypi.org/project/certifi/) package. > Certifi provides Mozilla’s carefully curated collection of Root Certificates for validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the identity of TLS hosts Double-click on Install Certificates to run it, and it will to its job quickly: ![Terminal output showing Install Certificates command running and installing certifi package](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_14.10.36.png) The other files contained in that folder are IDLE, an application that opens the Python interpreter in its own window: ![IDLE application window displaying Python 3.9.0 interpreter in a graphical interface](https://flaviocopes.com/images/python-installation-macos/Screen_Shot_2020-11-09_at_19.06.44.png) Then we have a link to the official documentation, the license, and _Python Launcher_, an utility that lets you to locate and manage different Python versions installed on the system, and instruct scripts to use a specific version. Remember to not be confused by having the `python` command on your system that points to the old Python 2. It might be a source of problems. I recommend having a shell alias to execute `python3` each time you run `python`. With the Fish shell, you can run: ```sh alias python "python3" alias pip "pip3" funcsave python funcsave pip ``` directly in the terminal. Also, make sure the `pip` binaries are in your shell path, to run them easily: ```sh set PATH ~/Library/Python/3.9/bin $PATH ``` (change 3.9 with your current version) With Zsh, you need to add the alias to the `.zshrc` file in your home folder: ``` alias python="python3" ``` With Bash, you need to add the alias to the `.bashrc` file in your home folder: ``` alias python="python3" ``` Now you can run `python` and it will point to the Python 3 version you just installed. I found that the easiest way to run `pip` (the Python package manager) is to use `python -m pip ` rather than `pip `, for example: ``` python -m pip install django ``` And you should always use a virtual environment with `venv` when doing so.